Traqueostomía y deglución en tiempos de pandemia. Revisión narrativa
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Publicado:
ago 24, 2021
Palabras clave:
Traqueostomía, disfagia, coronavirus, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, deglución
Contenido principal del artículo
Resumen
La evaluación de la deglución en pacientes con traqueostomía representa un desafío en el contexto de la pandemia de COVID-19. El objetivo de esta revisión fue analizar las publicaciones disponibles sobre la evaluación y el diagnóstico de disfagia en el paciente con traqueostomía y los cuidados de los profesionales de la salud frente a los procedimientos generadores de aerosoles.
Se completó una búsqueda bibliográfica utilizando las siguientes palabras clave en inglés y español, según correspondiera: “tracheostomy”, “dysphagia”, “coronavirus”, “COVID-19”, “SARS-CoV-2”, “swallowing”, “deglutition”, en las bases de datos electrónicas PubMed, SciELO, EMBASE y Google Scholar. Además, se revisaron las guías de recomendaciones publicadas por las sociedades científicas pertinentes.
La evaluación y el diagnóstico de las alteraciones deglutorias implican el contacto directo con la vía aérea superior del paciente e involucran procedimientos que pueden generar aerosoles. Por lo tanto, deberán realizarse en forma oportuna, en consenso con todo el equipo tratante y utilizando siempre un equipo de protección personal adecuado para disminuir el riesgo de contaminación y transmisión del virus al personal de la salud.
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Cómo citar
1.
Chiappero G, Faldutti A, Catini ME. Traqueostomía y deglución en tiempos de pandemia. Revisión narrativa. Rev Arg de Ter Int. [Internet]. 24 de agosto de 2021 [citado 20 de diciembre de 2024];38. Disponible en: https://revista.sati.org.ar/index.php/MI/article/view/789
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Citas
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4. Guan WJ, Ni ZY, Hu Y, et al. Clinical characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 in China. N Engl J Med 2020; 382: 1708-1720. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2002032
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11. Tran K, Cimon K, Severn M, Pessoa-Silva CL, Conly J. Aerosol generating procedures and risk of transmission of acute respiratory infections to healthcare workers: a systematic review. PLoS One 2012; 7(4): e35797. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0035797
12. Rovira A, Dawson D, Walker A, et al. Tracheostomy care and decannulation during the COVID-19 pandemic. A multidisciplinary clinical practice guideline. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2020; 278(2): 313-321. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00405-020-06126-0
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15. Cook TM. Personal protective equipment during the COVID-19 pandemic – a narrative review. Anaesthesia 2020; 75(7): 920-927. https://doi.org/10.1111/anae.15071
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18. Chu DK, Akl EA, Duda S, et al. Physical distancing, face masks, and eye protection to prevent person-to-person transmission of SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19: a systematic review and metaanalysis. Lancet 2020; 395(10242): 1973-1987. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31142-9
19. World Health Organization. Modes of transmission of virus causing COVID-19: Implications for IPC precaution recommendations. Scientific Brief 2020; 29 March. Disponible en: https://www.who.int/news-room/commentaries/detail/modes-of-transmission-of-virus-causing-covid-19-implications-for-ipc-precaution-recommendations
20. Vergara J, Skoretz SA, Brodsky MB, et al. Assessment, diagnosis, and treatment of dysphagia in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2: A review of the literature and international guidelines. Am J Speech Lang Pathol 2020; 29(4): 2242-2253. https://doi.org/10.1044/2020_AJSLP-20-00163
21. Freeman-Sanderson A, Ward EC, Miles A, et al; COVID-19 SLP Global Group. A consensus statement for the management and rehabilitation of communication and swallowing function in the ICU: A global response to COVID-19. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2020; S0003-9993(20)31210-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apmr.2020.10.113
22. Dziewas R, Warnecke T, Zürcher P, Schefold JC. Dysphagia in COVID-19 –multilevel damage to the swallowing network? Eur J Neurol 2020; 27(9): e46-e47. https://doi.org/10.1111/ene.14367
23. Brodsky MB, Levy MJ, Jedlanek E, et al. Laryngeal injury and upper airway symptoms after oral endotracheal intubation with mechanical ventilation during critical care: a systematic review. Crit Care Med 2018; 46(12): 2010‐2017. https://doi.org/10.1097/CCM.0000000000003368
24. Medeiros GC, Sassi FC, Lirani-Silva C, Andrade CRF. Criteria for tracheostomy decannulation: literature review. Codas 2019; 31(6): e20180228. https://doi.org/10.1590/2317-1782/20192018228
25. Thille AW, Boissier F, Muller M, et al. Role of ICU-acquired weakness on extubation outcome among patients at high risk of reintubation. Crit Care 2020; 24: 86. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13054-020-2807-9
26. Mohan R, Mohapatra B. Shedding light on dysphagia associated with COVID-19: The what and why. OTO Open 2020; 4(2): 1-2. https://doi.org/10.1177/2473974X20934770
27. Frajkova Z, Tedla M, Tedlova E, Suchankova M, Geneid A. Postintubation dysphagia during COVID 19 outbreak Contemporary review. Dysphagia 2020; 35(4): 549-557. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00455-020-10139-6
28. Meister KD, Pandian V, Hillel AT, et al. Multidisciplinary safety recommendations after tracheostomy during COVID-19 pandemic: State of the art review. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2020. https://doi.org/10.1177/0194599820961990
29. Zaga CJ, Pandian V, Brodsky MB, et al. Speech-language pathology guidance for tracheostomy during the COVID-19 pandemic: An international multidisciplinary perspective. Am J Speech Lang Pathol 2020; 29(3): 1320-1334. https://doi.org/10.1044/2020_AJSLP-20-00089
30. McGrath BA, Brenner MJ, Warrillow SJ, et al. Tracheostomy in the COVID-19 era: global and multidisciplinary guidance. Lancet Respir Med 2020 ; 8(7): 717-725. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-2600(20)30230-7
31. Mirzakhani H, Williams JN, Mello J, et al. Muscle weakness predicts pharyngeal dysfunction and symptomatic aspiration in long-term ventilated patients. Anesthesiology 2013; 119(2): 389-397. https://doi.org/10.1097/ALN.0b013e31829373fe
32. Tornari C, Surda P, Takhar A, et al. Tracheostomy, ventilatory wean, and decannulation in COVID‑19 patients. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2020. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00405-020-06187-1
33. Clavé P, Arreola V, Martín A, et al. Basic procedures to assess and treat oropharyngeal dysphagia in patients with COVID-19 infection; 2020.
34. Rameau A, Young VN, Amin MR, Sulica L. Flexible laryngoscopy and COVID-19. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2020. https://doi.org/10.1177/0194599820921395
35. Royal College of Speech and Language Therapists. RCSLT guidance. 2020. Disponible en: https://www.rcslt.org/learning/rcslt- guidance
36. Schindler A, Baijens LWJ, Clavé P, et al. ESSD commentary on dysphagia management during COVID pandemia. Dysphagia 2020; 27: 1-4. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00455-020-10194-z
37. Ku PKM, Holsinger FC, Chan JYK, et al. Management of dysphagia in the patient with head and neck cancer during COVID-19 pandemic: Practical strategy. Head Neck 2020; 42(7): 1491-1496. https://doi.org/10.1002/hed.26224
38. Fritz MA, Howell RJ, Brodsky MB, et al. Moving forward with dysphagia care: implementing strategies during the COVID‐19 pandemic and beyond. Dysphagia 2020; 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00455-020-10144-9
2. Kassirian S, Taneja R, Mehta S. Diagnosis and management of acute respiratory distress syndrome in a time of COVID-19. Diagnostics (Basel) 2020 ;10(12): 1053. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics10121053
3. Skoretz SA, Anger N, Wellman L, Takai O, Empey A. A systematic review of tracheostomy modifications and swallowing in adults. Dysphagia 2020; 35: 935-947. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00455-020-10115-0
4. Guan WJ, Ni ZY, Hu Y, et al. Clinical characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 in China. N Engl J Med 2020; 382: 1708-1720. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2002032
5. Wang D, Hu B, Hu C, et al. Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia in Wuhan, China. JAMA 2020; 323: 1061-1069. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.1585
6. Zou L, Ruan F, Huang M, et al. SARS-CoV-2 viral load in upper respiratory specimens of infected patients. N Engl J Med 2020; 382(12): 1177-1779. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMc2001737
7. Chen C, Gao G, Xu Y, et al. SARS-CoV-2-positive sputum and feces after conversion of pharyngeal samples in patients with COVID-19. Ann Intern Med 2020; 172(12): 832-834. https://doi.org/10.7326/ M20-0991
8. Zhao J, Yuan Q, Wang H, et al. Antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 in patients of novel coronavirus disease 2019. Clin Infect Dis 2020; 71(16): 2027-2034. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaa344
9. McGrath BA, Ashby N, Birchall M, et al. Multidisciplinary guidance for safe tracheostomy care during the COVID-19 pandemic: the NHS National Patient Safety Improvement Programme (NatPatSIP). Anaesthesia 2020; 75(12): 1659-1670. https://doi.org/10.1111/anae.15120
10. Chan JYK, Wong EWY, Lam W. Practical aspects of otolaryngologic clinical services during the 2019 novel coronavirus epidemic: an experience in Hong Kong. JAMA Otolaryngol Neck Surg 2020; 146(6): 519-520. https://doi.org/10.1001/ jamaoto.2020.0488
11. Tran K, Cimon K, Severn M, Pessoa-Silva CL, Conly J. Aerosol generating procedures and risk of transmission of acute respiratory infections to healthcare workers: a systematic review. PLoS One 2012; 7(4): e35797. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0035797
12. Rovira A, Dawson D, Walker A, et al. Tracheostomy care and decannulation during the COVID-19 pandemic. A multidisciplinary clinical practice guideline. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2020; 278(2): 313-321. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00405-020-06126-0
13. Bolton L, Mills C, Wallace S, Brady MC. Aerosol generating procedures, dysphagia assessment and COVID-19. A rapid review. Royal College of Speech and Language Therapists (RCSLT) COVID-19 Advisory group. Int J Lang Commun Disord 2020; 55(4): 629-636. https://doi.org/10.1111/1460-6984.12544
14. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Interim infection prevention and control recommendations for patients with suspected or confirmed coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in healthcare settings, 2020. Disponible en: https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/hcp/infection-control-recommendations.html
15. Cook TM. Personal protective equipment during the COVID-19 pandemic – a narrative review. Anaesthesia 2020; 75(7): 920-927. https://doi.org/10.1111/anae.15071
16. Evans MJ. Avoiding COVID-19: aerosol guidelines. BMJ Yale 2020. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.05.21.20108894
17. Miles A, Connor NP, Desai RV, et al. Dysphagia care across the continuum: A Multidisciplinary Dysphagia Research Society Taskforce Report of Service Delivery During the COVID 19 Global Pandemic. Dysphagia 2020; 36(2): 170-182. https://doi.org/13.10.1007/s00455-020-10153-8
18. Chu DK, Akl EA, Duda S, et al. Physical distancing, face masks, and eye protection to prevent person-to-person transmission of SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19: a systematic review and metaanalysis. Lancet 2020; 395(10242): 1973-1987. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31142-9
19. World Health Organization. Modes of transmission of virus causing COVID-19: Implications for IPC precaution recommendations. Scientific Brief 2020; 29 March. Disponible en: https://www.who.int/news-room/commentaries/detail/modes-of-transmission-of-virus-causing-covid-19-implications-for-ipc-precaution-recommendations
20. Vergara J, Skoretz SA, Brodsky MB, et al. Assessment, diagnosis, and treatment of dysphagia in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2: A review of the literature and international guidelines. Am J Speech Lang Pathol 2020; 29(4): 2242-2253. https://doi.org/10.1044/2020_AJSLP-20-00163
21. Freeman-Sanderson A, Ward EC, Miles A, et al; COVID-19 SLP Global Group. A consensus statement for the management and rehabilitation of communication and swallowing function in the ICU: A global response to COVID-19. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2020; S0003-9993(20)31210-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apmr.2020.10.113
22. Dziewas R, Warnecke T, Zürcher P, Schefold JC. Dysphagia in COVID-19 –multilevel damage to the swallowing network? Eur J Neurol 2020; 27(9): e46-e47. https://doi.org/10.1111/ene.14367
23. Brodsky MB, Levy MJ, Jedlanek E, et al. Laryngeal injury and upper airway symptoms after oral endotracheal intubation with mechanical ventilation during critical care: a systematic review. Crit Care Med 2018; 46(12): 2010‐2017. https://doi.org/10.1097/CCM.0000000000003368
24. Medeiros GC, Sassi FC, Lirani-Silva C, Andrade CRF. Criteria for tracheostomy decannulation: literature review. Codas 2019; 31(6): e20180228. https://doi.org/10.1590/2317-1782/20192018228
25. Thille AW, Boissier F, Muller M, et al. Role of ICU-acquired weakness on extubation outcome among patients at high risk of reintubation. Crit Care 2020; 24: 86. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13054-020-2807-9
26. Mohan R, Mohapatra B. Shedding light on dysphagia associated with COVID-19: The what and why. OTO Open 2020; 4(2): 1-2. https://doi.org/10.1177/2473974X20934770
27. Frajkova Z, Tedla M, Tedlova E, Suchankova M, Geneid A. Postintubation dysphagia during COVID 19 outbreak Contemporary review. Dysphagia 2020; 35(4): 549-557. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00455-020-10139-6
28. Meister KD, Pandian V, Hillel AT, et al. Multidisciplinary safety recommendations after tracheostomy during COVID-19 pandemic: State of the art review. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2020. https://doi.org/10.1177/0194599820961990
29. Zaga CJ, Pandian V, Brodsky MB, et al. Speech-language pathology guidance for tracheostomy during the COVID-19 pandemic: An international multidisciplinary perspective. Am J Speech Lang Pathol 2020; 29(3): 1320-1334. https://doi.org/10.1044/2020_AJSLP-20-00089
30. McGrath BA, Brenner MJ, Warrillow SJ, et al. Tracheostomy in the COVID-19 era: global and multidisciplinary guidance. Lancet Respir Med 2020 ; 8(7): 717-725. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-2600(20)30230-7
31. Mirzakhani H, Williams JN, Mello J, et al. Muscle weakness predicts pharyngeal dysfunction and symptomatic aspiration in long-term ventilated patients. Anesthesiology 2013; 119(2): 389-397. https://doi.org/10.1097/ALN.0b013e31829373fe
32. Tornari C, Surda P, Takhar A, et al. Tracheostomy, ventilatory wean, and decannulation in COVID‑19 patients. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2020. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00405-020-06187-1
33. Clavé P, Arreola V, Martín A, et al. Basic procedures to assess and treat oropharyngeal dysphagia in patients with COVID-19 infection; 2020.
34. Rameau A, Young VN, Amin MR, Sulica L. Flexible laryngoscopy and COVID-19. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2020. https://doi.org/10.1177/0194599820921395
35. Royal College of Speech and Language Therapists. RCSLT guidance. 2020. Disponible en: https://www.rcslt.org/learning/rcslt- guidance
36. Schindler A, Baijens LWJ, Clavé P, et al. ESSD commentary on dysphagia management during COVID pandemia. Dysphagia 2020; 27: 1-4. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00455-020-10194-z
37. Ku PKM, Holsinger FC, Chan JYK, et al. Management of dysphagia in the patient with head and neck cancer during COVID-19 pandemic: Practical strategy. Head Neck 2020; 42(7): 1491-1496. https://doi.org/10.1002/hed.26224
38. Fritz MA, Howell RJ, Brodsky MB, et al. Moving forward with dysphagia care: implementing strategies during the COVID‐19 pandemic and beyond. Dysphagia 2020; 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00455-020-10144-9