Abstract
Siglos de aciertos y errores en el entendimiento de la fisiología pulmonar fueron la base para el desarrollo de los primeros aparatos de ventilación artificial. En los pasados cien años, desde que la humanidad avanzó hacia el sostén artificial del pulmón, el progreso fue vertiginoso. La asistencia respiratoria mecánica a presión negativa, inicialmente, dominó la tecnología de la época, y los "pulmones de acero" en las graves epidemias de poliomielitis, fueron los protagonistas. Pronto la historia demostró la infalibilidad de aquellos. En la ciudad de Copenhague, en Dinamarca, los sucesos relacionados con la epidemia de poliomielitis de 1952, modificaron la historia, y la asistencia respiratoria mecánica a presión positiva empezó a ganar la batalla en la insuficiencia respiratoria.
Este trabajo intenta contar, a través de las palabras y anécdotas de muchos de los que vivieron esta historia, los sucesos fundamentales que llevaron a la comprensión y utilización de la ventilación artificial, tal como la conocemos hoy en día.
References
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</style> <![endif]--> <ol style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;" lang="EN-US">Tobin, Martin J.; <em>Principles and Practice of Mechanical Ventilation</em>. 2<sup>nd</sup> ed. Editorial McGraw-Hill 2006, p.1 – 31. </span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;" lang="EN-US">Somerson SJ. Historical perspectives on the development and use of mechanical ventilation. AANA J. 1992 Feb; 60(1):83 – 94. </span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;" lang="EN-US">Rosengart, MR. Critical Care Medicine: Landmarks and Legends. Surg Clin North Am 2006 Dec; 86(6):1305 - 1321.</span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 200%;"><span class="citation-flpages"><span style="font-family: Arial;" lang="EN-US">Medical research council. “Breathing machines” and their use in treatment. Report of the Respirators (poliomyelitis) Committee. Special Report Series, Nº 237, año 1939, pág. 3 – 25.</span></span><span class="citation-flpages"></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;" lang="EN-US">Bahns, Ernst. It began with the Pulmotor. One Hundred Years of Artificial Ventilation. Publicación de </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">Dräger Medical AG & Co. KG, 2007.</span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;" lang="EN-US">Tom Mahoney. <em>The miracle of the Iron Lung</em>. The Rotarian (</span><span style="font-family: Arial;" lang="EN-US">the official magazine of Rotary International) 1938 July;53(1): 23 – 25.</span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;" lang="EN-US">Dunphy LM. “The steel cocoon”. Tales of the nurses and patients of the iron lung, 1929 – 1955. Nurs Hist Rev 2001;9:3-33.</span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;" lang="EN-US">Branson RD.</span><span style="font-family: Arial;" lang="EN-US"> A tribute to John H. Emerson. Respir Care 1998 July;43(7): 567 – 570.</span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Emerson JH. Some reflections on Iron Lungs and Other Inventions (Transcripción de una conferencia dada por Emerson durante un encuentro del Departamento de Anestesia y Cuidados críticos en el Hospital General de Massachusetts en 1985). </span><span style="font-family: Arial;" lang="EN-US">Respir Care 1998 July;43(7):573 – 582.</span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 200%;"><span class="citation-flpages"><span style="font-family: Arial;" lang="ES-AR">Noticia: Se casa el hombre del “pulmón de acero” Diario: La vanguardia española, miércoles 16 de agosto de 1939, pág. 10.</span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 200%;"><span class="citation-flpages"><span style="font-family: Arial;" lang="ES-AR">Noticia: Está catorce años dentro de un pulmón de acero. Diario: ABC (español) Sábado 1 de abril de 1950, edición de la mañana, pág. 24.</span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 200%;"><span class="citation-flpages"><span style="font-family: Arial;" lang="EN-US">Noticia: Trailer Carries Iron-Lung Tourist. Revista: Science popular, Oct 1938. pag. 148.</span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 200%;"><span class="citation-flpages"><span style="font-family: Arial;" lang="EN-US">Noticia: Mechanical Arms Turns Page for Handicapped. </span></span><span class="citation-flpages"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Revista: Science popular, Apr 1951. pag. 38 - 39.</span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 200%;"><span class="citation-flpages"><span style="font-family: Arial;" lang="EN-US">Noticia: Mirror unscrambles reverse TV. Revista: Science popular, Aug 1951. pag. 96.</span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 200%;"><span class="citation-flpages"><span style="font-family: Arial;" lang="EN-US">Noticia: Bedridden people can read books flashed on ceiling. </span></span><span class="citation-flpages"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Revista: Science popular, Dec 1945. pag. 75.</span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 200%;"><span class="citation-flpages"><span style="font-family: Arial;" lang="EN-US">Noticia: Phone Designed for patient in Iron Lung. Revista: Science popular, Oct 1953. pag. 137.</span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 200%;"><span class="citation-flpages"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Noticia: Special Van moves polio victims. Revista: Science popular, Jun 1951. pag. 32.</span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Dr. Olindo Martino. "La Infectología que aprendí, viví y sentí"</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> Conferencia de cierre del VIII Congreso Argentino de la Sociedad Argentina de Infectología-</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">SADI 2008 y III Congreso Hispano- Argentino de Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">Clínica SADI - SEIMC, 22, 23 y 24 de mayo – Mar del Plata- Argentina. (<a href="http://www.intramed.com/">www.intramed.com</a>).</span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;" lang="EN-US">West JB. The physiological challenges of the 1952 Copenhagen poliomyelitis epidemic and renaissance in clinical respiratory physiology. J Appl Physiol 2005;99: 424-432.</span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;" lang="EN-US">Lassen HCA. The epidemic of Poliomyelitis in Copenhagen, 1952. </span><span class="citation-abbreviation"><span style="font-family: Arial;" lang="EN-US">Proc R Soc Med. </span></span><span class="citation-publication-date"><span style="font-family: Arial;" lang="EN-US">1954 January; </span></span><span class="citation-volume"><span style="font-family: Arial;" lang="EN-US">47</span></span><span class="citation-issue"><span style="font-family: Arial;" lang="EN-US">(1)</span></span><span class="citation-flpages"><span style="font-family: Arial;" lang="EN-US">: 67 – 71</span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;" lang="EN-US">Björn Ibsen. The Anæsthetist's Viewpoint on the Treatment of Respiratory Complications in Poliomyelitis during the Epidemic in Copenhagen, 1952. </span><span class="citation-abbreviation"><span style="font-family: Arial;" lang="ES-AR">Proc R Soc Med. </span></span><span class="citation-publication-date"><span style="font-family: Arial;" lang="ES-AR">1954 January; </span></span><span class="citation-volume"><span style="font-family: Arial;" lang="ES-AR">47</span></span><span class="citation-issue"><span style="font-family: Arial;" lang="ES-AR">(1)</span></span><span class="citation-flpages"><span style="font-family: Arial;" lang="ES-AR">: 72 – 74.</span></span></li></ol> <span class="citation-abbreviation"></span><span class="citation-publication-date"></span><span class="citation-volume"></span><span class="citation-issue"></span><span class="citation-flpages"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;" lang="ES-AR"><br /></span></span>
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</style> <![endif]--> <ol style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;" lang="EN-US">Tobin, Martin J.; <em>Principles and Practice of Mechanical Ventilation</em>. 2<sup>nd</sup> ed. Editorial McGraw-Hill 2006, p.1 – 31. </span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;" lang="EN-US">Somerson SJ. Historical perspectives on the development and use of mechanical ventilation. AANA J. 1992 Feb; 60(1):83 – 94. </span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;" lang="EN-US">Rosengart, MR. Critical Care Medicine: Landmarks and Legends. Surg Clin North Am 2006 Dec; 86(6):1305 - 1321.</span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 200%;"><span class="citation-flpages"><span style="font-family: Arial;" lang="EN-US">Medical research council. “Breathing machines” and their use in treatment. Report of the Respirators (poliomyelitis) Committee. Special Report Series, Nº 237, año 1939, pág. 3 – 25.</span></span><span class="citation-flpages"></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;" lang="EN-US">Bahns, Ernst. It began with the Pulmotor. One Hundred Years of Artificial Ventilation. Publicación de </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">Dräger Medical AG & Co. KG, 2007.</span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;" lang="EN-US">Tom Mahoney. <em>The miracle of the Iron Lung</em>. The Rotarian (</span><span style="font-family: Arial;" lang="EN-US">the official magazine of Rotary International) 1938 July;53(1): 23 – 25.</span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;" lang="EN-US">Dunphy LM. “The steel cocoon”. Tales of the nurses and patients of the iron lung, 1929 – 1955. Nurs Hist Rev 2001;9:3-33.</span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;" lang="EN-US">Branson RD.</span><span style="font-family: Arial;" lang="EN-US"> A tribute to John H. Emerson. Respir Care 1998 July;43(7): 567 – 570.</span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Emerson JH. Some reflections on Iron Lungs and Other Inventions (Transcripción de una conferencia dada por Emerson durante un encuentro del Departamento de Anestesia y Cuidados críticos en el Hospital General de Massachusetts en 1985). </span><span style="font-family: Arial;" lang="EN-US">Respir Care 1998 July;43(7):573 – 582.</span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 200%;"><span class="citation-flpages"><span style="font-family: Arial;" lang="ES-AR">Noticia: Se casa el hombre del “pulmón de acero” Diario: La vanguardia española, miércoles 16 de agosto de 1939, pág. 10.</span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 200%;"><span class="citation-flpages"><span style="font-family: Arial;" lang="ES-AR">Noticia: Está catorce años dentro de un pulmón de acero. Diario: ABC (español) Sábado 1 de abril de 1950, edición de la mañana, pág. 24.</span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 200%;"><span class="citation-flpages"><span style="font-family: Arial;" lang="EN-US">Noticia: Trailer Carries Iron-Lung Tourist. Revista: Science popular, Oct 1938. pag. 148.</span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 200%;"><span class="citation-flpages"><span style="font-family: Arial;" lang="EN-US">Noticia: Mechanical Arms Turns Page for Handicapped. </span></span><span class="citation-flpages"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Revista: Science popular, Apr 1951. pag. 38 - 39.</span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 200%;"><span class="citation-flpages"><span style="font-family: Arial;" lang="EN-US">Noticia: Mirror unscrambles reverse TV. Revista: Science popular, Aug 1951. pag. 96.</span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 200%;"><span class="citation-flpages"><span style="font-family: Arial;" lang="EN-US">Noticia: Bedridden people can read books flashed on ceiling. </span></span><span class="citation-flpages"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Revista: Science popular, Dec 1945. pag. 75.</span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 200%;"><span class="citation-flpages"><span style="font-family: Arial;" lang="EN-US">Noticia: Phone Designed for patient in Iron Lung. Revista: Science popular, Oct 1953. pag. 137.</span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 200%;"><span class="citation-flpages"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Noticia: Special Van moves polio victims. Revista: Science popular, Jun 1951. pag. 32.</span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Dr. Olindo Martino. "La Infectología que aprendí, viví y sentí"</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> Conferencia de cierre del VIII Congreso Argentino de la Sociedad Argentina de Infectología-</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">SADI 2008 y III Congreso Hispano- Argentino de Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">Clínica SADI - SEIMC, 22, 23 y 24 de mayo – Mar del Plata- Argentina. (<a href="http://www.intramed.com/">www.intramed.com</a>).</span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;" lang="EN-US">West JB. The physiological challenges of the 1952 Copenhagen poliomyelitis epidemic and renaissance in clinical respiratory physiology. J Appl Physiol 2005;99: 424-432.</span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;" lang="EN-US">Lassen HCA. The epidemic of Poliomyelitis in Copenhagen, 1952. </span><span class="citation-abbreviation"><span style="font-family: Arial;" lang="EN-US">Proc R Soc Med. </span></span><span class="citation-publication-date"><span style="font-family: Arial;" lang="EN-US">1954 January; </span></span><span class="citation-volume"><span style="font-family: Arial;" lang="EN-US">47</span></span><span class="citation-issue"><span style="font-family: Arial;" lang="EN-US">(1)</span></span><span class="citation-flpages"><span style="font-family: Arial;" lang="EN-US">: 67 – 71</span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;" lang="EN-US">Björn Ibsen. The Anæsthetist's Viewpoint on the Treatment of Respiratory Complications in Poliomyelitis during the Epidemic in Copenhagen, 1952. </span><span class="citation-abbreviation"><span style="font-family: Arial;" lang="ES-AR">Proc R Soc Med. </span></span><span class="citation-publication-date"><span style="font-family: Arial;" lang="ES-AR">1954 January; </span></span><span class="citation-volume"><span style="font-family: Arial;" lang="ES-AR">47</span></span><span class="citation-issue"><span style="font-family: Arial;" lang="ES-AR">(1)</span></span><span class="citation-flpages"><span style="font-family: Arial;" lang="ES-AR">: 72 – 74.</span></span></li></ol> <span class="citation-abbreviation"></span><span class="citation-publication-date"></span><span class="citation-volume"></span><span class="citation-issue"></span><span class="citation-flpages"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;" lang="ES-AR"><br /></span></span>
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